What is happening here?
Exodus 1 opens generations after Joseph with Israel multiplying greatly in Egypt. A new Pharaoh, who does not know Joseph, fears the growing Hebrew population and turns that fear into oppression, forced labor, and a policy of killing Hebrew sons. The Hebrew midwives fear God rather than the king, and Israel continues to multiply despite the pressure. The chapter establishes the conflict that drives the opening of Exodus: an enslaved people under a ruler who tries to resist God’s purposes.
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