What is happening here?
Paul rejects the idea that God has cast away His people, pointing to himself and Elijah’s day as evidence of a remnant according to the election of grace. Israel’s stumbling has opened wider salvation to Gentiles, but Gentiles are warned not to boast over the natural branches. The olive-tree image teaches dependence on God’s root and kindness. Paul then reveals a mystery: partial blindness has happened to Israel until the fulness of the Gentiles comes in, and ‘all Israel shall be saved’ in connection with the Deliverer and covenant mercy. The chapter ends in worship of God’s unsearchable wisdom.
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