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BOOK 9 OF 66 · HISTORY · KING JAMES BIBLE

1 Samuel 20

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REVIEWED OVERVIEW

1 Samuel 20 Overview

David comes secretly to Jonathan and insists that Saul is trying to kill him. Jonathan initially struggles to believe his father would hide such a plan from him, so they devise a test involving David’s absence from the new moon feast. Saul’s violent reaction confirms his settled hostility, and Jonathan warns David by means of the arrow signal. The two men renew their covenant and part in grief.

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Before you read 1 Samuel 20

Coming from

Chapter 19 ended with David escaping to Samuel while Saul’s attempts to seize him were supernaturally frustrated.

In this chapter

David and Jonathan determine whether Saul’s hostility is temporary rage or fixed intent, and Jonathan chooses covenant loyalty to David even when Saul turns his anger against his own son.

Leads into

Chapter 21 begins David’s life as a fugitive as he goes to Nob, receives bread and Goliath’s sword, and then flees into Philistine territory.

Key understandingExplore deeper

The new moon meal is a regular royal setting where David’s absence will be obvious. Jonathan’s covenant language reaches beyond personal affection to future obligations between their houses, anticipating the danger Jonathan’s descendants could face if David eventually becomes king. Saul’s insult and spear cast at Jonathan reveal that the political issue is now plain: Saul knows Jonathan’s dynastic prospects are tied to David’s removal, while Jonathan refuses to treat David as an enemy.

Major truths in this chapterExplore deeper

Truth 1

True covenant loyalty can require standing against family pressure when family authority demands wrongdoing.

Truth 2

Saul’s hostility toward David is not merely emotional jealousy; it has become a deliberate attempt to preserve his dynasty by eliminating God’s chosen successor.

Truth 3

Jonathan values righteousness and friendship above his own apparent claim to the throne.

Truth 4

The sorrowful separation at the end shows that faithful choices can be costly even when they are right.

Connections to the rest of ScriptureExplore deeper

Connection 1

1 Samuel 18 introduced Jonathan’s covenant with David; chapter 20 expands it into a commitment concerning their descendants.

Connection 2

2 Samuel 9 fulfills this covenantal concern when David seeks out Jonathan’s surviving son and shows him kindness for Jonathan’s sake.

Connection 3

Proverbs 17:17 and 18:24 describe faithful friendship under adversity; Jonathan provides one of Scripture’s clearest narrative examples without reducing the covenant to a mere proverb illustration.

What is clear, and where care is neededExplore deeper

Keep this clear 1

The love and covenant between David and Jonathan should not be sexualized. The text presents loyal friendship, family-level covenant commitments, and political self-denial.

Keep this clear 2

Jonathan’s initial uncertainty about Saul’s intent does not make him foolish; the test exists precisely because Saul has been inconsistent and has previously sworn not to kill David.

Keep this clear 3

The chapter records a secret signal and strategic concealment during a life-threatening crisis; it does not establish deception as a general Christian ethic.

Read 1 Samuel 20 watching for…

Why Jonathan initially doubts David’s conclusion about Saul.

How the new moon feast becomes a test of Saul’s intentions.

Saul’s reaction when David is absent a second day.

What Saul’s attack on Jonathan reveals.

The arrow signal and why the lad does not understand it.

The covenant promises the two men make before parting.

TWBC REVIEW STANDARD

Plain language. Scripture first. Fact distinguished from inference. No filler. No fake certainty. Designed to help you read the Bible itself.

Chapter outline4 sections
1-8David asks Jonathan why Saul seeks his life9-23David and Jonathan establish a plan and renew their covenant24-34Saul’s anger at the feast confirms his intent to kill David35-42Jonathan gives the arrow signal, and David and Jonathan part
1

And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?

2

And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so.

3

And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.

4

Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee.

5

And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.

6

If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family.

7

If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.

8

Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?

9

And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee?

10

Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?

11

And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field.

12

And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee;

13

The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father.

14

And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not:

15

But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.

16

So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.

17

And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul.

18

Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.

19

And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel.

20

And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark.

21

And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth.

22

But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.

23

And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.

24

So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat.

25

And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty.

26

Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.

27

And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day?

28

And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:

29

And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.

30

Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness?

31

For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die.

32

And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?

33

And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David.

34

So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame.

35

And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.

36

And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.

37

And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee?

38

And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.

39

But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.

40

And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city.

41

And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded.

42

And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.

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1 Samuel 20:24

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