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True Words Baptist Church — Revelation 21:5
DEEP KJV WORD STUDY

Against

Begin with the exact English word as it appears in the King James Bible. Follow its whole-Bible usage, book distribution, related indexed forms, Webster 1828, every occurrence, and the occurrence-specific Hebrew/Aramaic/Greek mappings behind it.

1,667exact KJV occurrences 1,457Old Testament 210New Testament 57books containing the word 52mapped Strong's IDs 339occurrence-specific Strong's links
FIRST OCCURRENCE

Genesis 4:8

And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.

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LAST OCCURRENCE

Revelation 19:19

And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army.

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KJV DISTRIBUTION

Where against appears.

This is exact English-word usage from the canonical KJV token index, not a Strong's estimate.

ORIGINAL-LANGUAGE MAP

Which Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek words stand behind this KJV word?

These relationships come from exact verse + token-position mappings. We do not assume that one English spelling always equals one Strong's number. A single English token can also carry more than one source tag, so the Strong's-link total can exceed the number of English occurrences.

GreekG2596
κατά

katá · kat-ah'

60 times translated as this KJV form427 total Strong's occurrences

(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)

Strong's KJV usage: :--about, according as (to), after, against, (when they were) X alone, among, and, X apart, (even, like) as (concerning, pertaining to touching), X aside, at, before, beyond, by, to the charge of, (charita-)bly, concerning, + covered, (dai-)ly, down, every, (+ far more) exceeding, X more excellent, for, from … to, godly, in(-asmuch, divers, every, -to, respect of), … by, after the manner of, + by any means, beyond (out of) measure, X mightily, more, X natural, of (up-)on (X part), out (of every), over against, (+ your) X own, + particularly, so, through(-oughout, -oughout every), thus, (un-)to(-gether, -ward), X uttermost, where(-by), with.

Strong's first: Matthew 5:11Strong's last: Revelation 12:7

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GreekG1909
ἐπί

epí · ep-ee'

39 times translated as this KJV form860 total Strong's occurrences

properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e. over, upon, etc.; of rest (with the dative case) at, on, etc.; of direction (with the accusative case) towards, upon, etc.

Strong's KJV usage: :--about (the times), above, after, against, among, as long as (touching), at, beside, X have charge of, (be-, (where-))fore, in (a place, as much as, the time of, -to), (because) of, (up-)on (behalf of), over, (by, for) the space of, through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), with.

Strong's first: Matthew 10:21Strong's last: 1 Peter 3:12

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GreekG1519
εἰς

eis · ice

28 times translated as this KJV form1,680 total Strong's occurrences

to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases

Strong's KJV usage: :--(abundant-)ly, against, among, as, at, (back-)ward, before, by, concerning, + continual, + far more exceeding, for (intent, purpose), fore, + forth, in (among, at, unto, -so much that, -to), to the intent that, + of one mind, + never, of, (up-)on, + perish, + set at one again, (so) that, therefore(-unto), throughout, til, to (be, the end, -ward), (here-)until(-to), …ward, (where-)fore, with.

Strong's first: Matthew 18:15Strong's last: 2 Peter 3:7

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GreekG4314
πρός

prós · pros

24 times translated as this KJV form702 total Strong's occurrences

a preposition of direction; forward to, i.e. toward (with the genitive case, the side of, i.e. pertaining to; with the dative case, by the side of, i.e. near to; usually with the accusative case, the place, time, occasion, or respect, which is the destination of the relation, i.e. whither or for which it is predicated)

Strong's KJV usage: :--about, according to , against, among, at, because of, before, between, (where-)by, for, X at thy house, in, for intent, nigh unto, of, which pertain to, that, to (the end that), X together, to (you) -ward, unto, with(-in).

Strong's first: Matthew 4:6Strong's last: Revelation 13:6

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HebrewH6440
פָּנִים

pânîym · paw-neem'

17 times translated as this KJV form2,083 total Strong's occurrences

n-m

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Strong's KJV usage: accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, × as (long as), at, battle, because (of), beseech, countenance, edge, employ, endure, enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, × him(-self), honourable, impudent, in, it, look(-eth) (-s), × me, meet, × more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), × on, open, out of, over against, the partial, person, please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, regard, right forth, serve, × shewbread, sight, state, straight, street, × thee, × them(-selves), through ( -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), upon, upside ( down), with(-in, -stand), × ye, × you.

Strong's first: Exodus 14:2Strong's last: Ezekiel 48:21

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HebrewH5227
נֹכַח

nôkach · no'-kakh

11 times translated as this KJV form23 total Strong's occurrences

adv

properly, the front part; used adverbially (especially with preposition), opposite, in front of, forward, in behalf of

Strong's KJV usage: (over) against, before, direct(-ly), for, right (on).

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Exodus 26:35Strong's last: Ezekiel 47:20

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GreekG2649
καταμαρτυρέω

katamartyréō · kat-am-ar-too-reh'-o

4 times translated as this KJV form4 total Strong's occurrences

to testify against

Strong's KJV usage: :--witness against.

Strong's first: Matthew 26:62Strong's last: Mark 15:4

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GreekG3326
μετά

metá · met-ah'

4 times translated as this KJV form469 total Strong's occurrences

properly, denoting accompaniment; "amid" (local or causal); modified variously according to the case (genitive association, or accusative succession) with which it is joined; occupying an intermediate position between G575 or G1537 and G1519 or G4314; less intimate than G1722 and less close than G4862)

Strong's KJV usage: :--after(-ward), X that he again, against, among, X and, + follow, hence, hereafter, in, of, (up-)on, + our, X and setting, since, (un-)to, + together, when, with (+ -out).

Strong's first: Revelation 2:16Strong's last: Revelation 19:19

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HebrewH5048
נֶגֶד

neged · neh'-ghed

4 times translated as this KJV form23 total Strong's occurrences

prep

a front, i.e. part opposite; specifically a counterpart, or mate; usually (adverbial, especially with preposition) over against or before

Strong's KJV usage: about, (over) against, × aloof, × far (off), × from, over, presence, × other side, sight, × to view.

Strong's first: Genesis 21:16Strong's last: Ezekiel 41:16

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GreekG846
αὐτός

autós · ow-tos'

3 times translated as this KJV form5,718 total Strong's occurrences

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the compound G1438) of the third person , and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

Strong's KJV usage: :--her, it(-self), one, the other, (mine) own, said, (self-), the) same, ((him-, my-, thy- )self, (your-)selves, she, that, their(-s), them(-selves), there(-at, - by, -in, -into, -of, -on, -with), they, (these) things, this (man), those, together, very, which.

Strong's first: Matthew 10:18Strong's last: Mark 13:9

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GreekG1727
ἐναντίος

enantíos · en-an-tee'-os

2 times translated as this KJV form8 total Strong's occurrences

opposite; figuratively, antagonistic

Strong's KJV usage: :--(over) against, contrary.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Mark 15:39Strong's last: Acts 28:17

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GreekG3844
παρά

pará · par-ah'

2 times translated as this KJV form199 total Strong's occurrences

properly, near; i.e. (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local (especially beyond or opposed to) or causal (on account of)

Strong's KJV usage: :--above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give (such things as they), + that (she) had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side…by, in the sight of, than, (there-)fore, with.

Strong's first: Romans 1:26Strong's last: Romans 4:18

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GreekG4012
περί

perí · per-ee'

2 times translated as this KJV form329 total Strong's occurrences

properly, through (all over), i.e. around; figuratively with respect to; used in various applications, of place, cause or time (with the genitive case denoting the subject or occasion or superlative point; with the accusative case the locality, circuit, matter, circumstance or general period)

Strong's KJV usage: :--(there-)about, above, against, at, on behalf of, X and his company, which concern, (as) concerning, for, X how it will go with, ((there-, where-)) of, on, over, pertaining (to), for sake, X (e-)state, (as) touching, (where-)by (in), with.

Strong's first: Matthew 20:24Strong's last: Acts 25:18

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HebrewH854
אֵת

ʼêth · ayth

2 times translated as this KJV form24 total Strong's occurrences

prep

properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.

Strong's KJV usage: against, among, before, by, for, from, in(-to), (out) of, with. Often with another prepositional prefix.

Strong's first: 1 Kings 16:22Strong's last: 1 Kings 20:25

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HebrewH5921
עַל

ʻal · al

2 times translated as this KJV form48 total Strong's occurrences

prep

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Strong's KJV usage: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, × as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, × both and, by (reason of), × had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, × with.

Strong's first: Genesis 40:2Strong's last: 2 Chronicles 32:19

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GreekG368
ἀναντίῤῥητος

anantírrhētos · an-an-tir'-hray-tos

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

indisputable

Strong's KJV usage: :--cannot be spoken against.

Strong's first: Acts 19:36Strong's last: Acts 19:36

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GreekG470
ἀνταποκρίνομαι

antapokrínomai · an-tap-ok-ree'-nom-ahee

1 times translated as this KJV form3 total Strong's occurrences

to contradict or dispute

Strong's KJV usage: :--answer again, reply against.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Romans 9:20Strong's last: Romans 9:20

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GreekG481
ἀντικρύ

antikrý · an-tee-kroo'

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

opposite

Strong's KJV usage: :--over against.

Strong's first: Acts 20:15Strong's last: Acts 20:15

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GreekG495
ἀντιπέραν

antipéran · an-tee-per'-an

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

on the opposite side

Strong's KJV usage: :--over against.

Strong's first: Luke 8:26Strong's last: Luke 8:26

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GreekG497
ἀντιστρατεύομαι

antistrateúomai · an-tee-strat-yoo'-om-ahee

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

(figuratively) to attack, i.e. (by implication) destroy

Strong's KJV usage: :--war against.

Strong's first: Romans 7:23Strong's last: Romans 7:23

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GreekG1690
ἐμβριμάομαι

embrimáomai · em-brim-ah'-om-ahee

1 times translated as this KJV form6 total Strong's occurrences

to have indignation on, i.e. (transitively) to blame, (intransitively) to sigh with chagrin, (specially) to sternly enjoin

Strong's KJV usage: :--straitly charge, groan, murmur against.

Strong's first: Mark 14:5Strong's last: Mark 14:5

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GreekG1722
ἐν

en · en

1 times translated as this KJV form2,665 total Strong's occurrences

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc.

Strong's KJV usage: :--about, after, against, + almost, X altogether, among, X as, at, before, between, (here-)by (+ all means), for (… sake of), + give self wholly to, (here-)in(-to, -wardly), X mightily, (because) of, (up-)on, (open-)ly, X outwardly, one, X quickly, X shortly, (speedi-)ly, X that, X there(-in, -on), through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), under, when, where(-with), while, with(-in).

Strong's first: Romans 2:5Strong's last: Romans 2:5

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GreekG2620
κατακαυχάομαι

katakaucháomai · kat-ak-ow-khah'-om-ahee

1 times translated as this KJV form4 total Strong's occurrences

to exult against (i.e. over)

Strong's KJV usage: :--boast (against), glory, rejoice against.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: James 2:13Strong's last: James 2:13

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GreekG2635
καταλαλέω

katalaléō · kat-al-al-eh'-o

1 times translated as this KJV form6 total Strong's occurrences

to be a traducer, i.e. to slander

Strong's KJV usage: :--speak against (evil of).

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: 1 Peter 2:12Strong's last: 1 Peter 2:12

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GreekG2691
καταστρηνιάω

katastrēniáō · kat-as-tray-nee-ah'-o

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

to become voluptuous against

Strong's KJV usage: :--begin to wax wanton against.

Strong's first: 1 Timothy 5:11Strong's last: 1 Timothy 5:11

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GreekG2702
καταφέρω

kataphérō · kat-af-er'-o

1 times translated as this KJV form4 total Strong's occurrences

to bear down, i.e. (figuratively) overcome (with drowsiness); specially, to cast a vote

Strong's KJV usage: :--fall, give, sink down.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Acts 26:10Strong's last: Acts 26:10

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GreekG5396
φλυαρέω

phlyaréō · floo-ar-eh'-o

1 times translated as this KJV form1 total Strong's occurrences

to be a babbler or trifler, i.e. (by implication) to berate idly or mischievously

Strong's KJV usage: :--prate against.

Strong's first: 3 John 1:10Strong's last: 3 John 1:10

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HebrewH376
אִישׁ

ʼîysh · eesh

1 times translated as this KJV form1,622 total Strong's occurrences

n-m

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

Strong's KJV usage: also, another, any (man), a certain, champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), none, one, people, person, steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare 802.

Strong's first: Zechariah 7:10Strong's last: Zechariah 7:10

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HebrewH413
אֵל

ʼêl · ale

1 times translated as this KJV form38 total Strong's occurrences

prep

near, with or among; often in general, to

Strong's KJV usage: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, × hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Strong's first: Genesis 4:8Strong's last: Genesis 4:8

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HebrewH4784
מָרָה

mârâh · maw-raw'

1 times translated as this KJV form44 total Strong's occurrences

v

to be (causatively, make) bitter (or unpleasant); (figuratively) to rebel (or resist; causatively, to provoke)

Strong's KJV usage: bitter, change, be disobedient, disobey, grievously, provocation, provoke(-ing), (be) rebel (against, -lious).

Strong's first: Numbers 20:24Strong's last: Numbers 20:24

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HebrewH5226
נֵכַח

nêkach · nay'-kakh

1 times translated as this KJV form2 total Strong's occurrences

adv

properly, the fore part; used adverbially, opposite

Strong's KJV usage: before, over against.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Ezekiel 46:9Strong's last: Ezekiel 46:9

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HebrewH5676
עֵבֶר

ʻêber · ay'-ber

1 times translated as this KJV form90 total Strong's occurrences

n-m

properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)

Strong's KJV usage: × against, beyond, by, × from, over, passage, quarter, (other, this) side, straight.

Strong's first: Exodus 25:37Strong's last: Exodus 25:37

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HebrewH5704
עַד

ʻad · ad

1 times translated as this KJV form98 total Strong's occurrences

prep

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Strong's KJV usage: against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ( as) yet.

Strong's first: Genesis 43:25Strong's last: Genesis 43:25

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HebrewH5973
עִם

ʻim · eem

1 times translated as this KJV form25 total Strong's occurrences

prep

adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications; specifically, equally with; often with prepositional prefix (and then usually unrepresented in English)

Strong's KJV usage: accompanying, against, and, as (× long as), before, beside, by (reason of), for all, from (among, between), in, like, more than, of, (un-) to, with(-al).

Strong's first: Deuteronomy 9:7Strong's last: Deuteronomy 9:7

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HebrewH5978
עִמָּד

ʻimmâd · im-mawd'

1 times translated as this KJV form12 total Strong's occurrences

prep

along with

Strong's KJV usage: against, by, from, + me, + mine, of, + that I take, unto, upon, with(-in.)

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Job 23:6Strong's last: Job 23:6

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AramaicH6655
צַד

tsad · tsad

1 times translated as this KJV form2 total Strong's occurrences

n-m

used adverbially (with preposition) at or upon the side of

Strong's KJV usage: against, concerning.

Other KJV renderings

Strong's first: Daniel 7:25Strong's last: Daniel 7:25

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HebrewH6862
צַר

tsar · tsar

1 times translated as this KJV form103 total Strong's occurrences

a n-m

narrow; (as a noun) a tight place (usually figuratively, i.e. trouble); also a pebble (as in 6864); (transitive) an opponent (as crowding)

Strong's KJV usage: adversary, afflicted(-tion), anguish, close, distress, enemy, flint, foe, narrow, small, sorrow, strait, tribulation, trouble.

Strong's first: Numbers 10:9Strong's last: Numbers 10:9

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AramaicH6903
קְבֵל

qᵉbêl · keb-ale'

1 times translated as this KJV form20 total Strong's occurrences

conj

(adverbially) in front of; usually (with other particles) on account of, so as, since, hence

Strong's KJV usage: according to, as, because, before, for this cause, forasmuch as, by this means, over against, by reason of, that, therefore, though, wherefore.

Strong's first: Daniel 5:5Strong's last: Daniel 5:5

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HebrewH6965
קוּם

qûwm · koom

1 times translated as this KJV form629 total Strong's occurrences

v

to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)

Strong's KJV usage: abide, accomplish, × be clearer, confirm, continue, decree, × be dim, endure, × enemy, enjoin, get up, make good, help, hold, (help to) lift up (again), make, × but newly, ordain, perform, pitch, raise (up), rear (up), remain, (a-) rise (up) (again, against), rouse up, set (up), (e-) stablish, (make to) stand (up), stir up, strengthen, succeed, (as-, make) sure(-ly), (be) up(-hold, -rising).

Strong's first: Exodus 15:7Strong's last: Exodus 15:7

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Strong's data is a concordance/lexical reference layer. Scripture context controls interpretation. Lexical source data is shown separately from future TWBC editorial teaching.

EVERY OCCURRENCE

Read the word in context.

17 occurrences match the current filters. Each row keeps its exact KJV token position so Original Word and TSK remain occurrence-specific.

Clear
Leviticus 4:2
no direct Strong's tag

Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and shall do against any of them:

Leviticus 4:2
no direct Strong's tag

Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and shall do against any of them:

Leviticus 4:13
no direct Strong's tag

And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance, and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which should not be done, and are guilty;

Leviticus 4:14
no direct Strong's tag

When the sin, which they have sinned against it, is known, then the congregation shall offer a young bullock for the sin, and bring him before the tabernacle of the congregation.

Leviticus 4:22
no direct Strong's tag

When a ruler hath sinned, and done somewhat through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things which should not be done, and is guilty;

Leviticus 4:27
no direct Strong's tag

And if any one of the common people sin through ignorance, while he doeth somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and be guilty;

Leviticus 5:19
no direct Strong's tag

It is a trespass offering: he hath certainly trespassed against the LORD.

Leviticus 6:2
no direct Strong's tag

If a soul sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and lie unto his neighbour in that which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbour;

Leviticus 17:10
no direct Strong's tag

And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people.

Leviticus 19:16
no direct Strong's tag

Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer among thy people: neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour: I am the LORD.

Leviticus 19:18
no direct Strong's tag

Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD.

Leviticus 20:3
no direct Strong's tag

And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people; because he hath given of his seed unto Molech, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name.

Leviticus 20:5
no direct Strong's tag

Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit whoredom with Molech, from among their people.

Leviticus 20:5
no direct Strong's tag

Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit whoredom with Molech, from among their people.

Leviticus 20:6
no direct Strong's tag

And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people.

Leviticus 26:17
no direct Strong's tag

And I will set my face against you, and ye shall be slain before your enemies: they that hate you shall reign over you; and ye shall flee when none pursueth you.

Leviticus 26:40
no direct Strong's tag

If they shall confess their iniquity, and the iniquity of their fathers, with their trespass which they trespassed against me, and that also they have walked contrary unto me;

WEBSTER’S 1828

English meaning and historical usage.

Dictionary data is kept visibly separate from Scripture and from lexical Strong's data.

against

AGAINST, preposition agenst'.

1. In opposition; noting enmity or disapprobation.

His hand will be against every man. Genesis 16:12.

I am against your pillows. Ezekiel 8:1.

2. In opposition, noting contrariety, contradiction, or repugnance; as, a decree against law, reason or public opinion.

3. In opposition, noting competition, or different sides or parties; as, there are twenty votes in the affirmative against ten in the negative.

4. In an opposite direction; as, to ride against the wind.

5. Opposite in place; abreast; as, a ship is against the mouth of a river. In this sense it is often preceded by over.

Aaron lighted the lamps over against the candlesticks.

Numbers 8:2.

6. In opposition, noting adversity, injury, or contrariety to wishes; as, this change of measures is against us.

7. Bearing upon; as, one leans against a wall.

8. In provision for; in preparation for.

Urijah made it against king Ahaz came from Damascus.

2 Kings 16:7.

In this sense against is a preposition, with the following part of the sentence for an object. See After, preposition def. 2.

In short, the sense of this word is opposition, variously modified according to its application to different objects.

Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). A conservative base-form lookup may be used when the exact inflected KJV form is not a Webster headword.

SOURCE & METHOD

Know what each layer is—and what it is not.

KJV English usageExact token counts, verse counts, first/last occurrence, and book distribution come from the canonical TWBC PCE KJV index.
Webster 1828Historical English dictionary material is reproduced as dictionary data, not as inspired Scripture or TWBC commentary.
Original Word / Strong'sHebrew, Aramaic, and Greek links attach by exact verse + KJV token position. No global “English word always equals Strong's ID” rule is used.

Curated TWBC teaching will remain a separate editorial layer. Raw source data is never silently rewritten to force a doctrinal conclusion.