Genesis 1:31
And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
Read in context →Begin with the exact English word as it appears in the King James Bible. Follow its whole-Bible usage, book distribution, related indexed forms, Webster 1828, every occurrence, and the occurrence-specific Hebrew/Aramaic/Greek mappings behind it.
And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
Read in context →And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which shewed me these things.
Read in context →175 occurrences in 157 verses.
Browse those occurrences →This is exact English-word usage from the canonical KJV token index, not a Strong's estimate.
These relationships come from exact verse + token-position mappings. We do not assume that one English spelling always equals one Strong's number. A single English token can also carry more than one source tag, so the Strong's-link total can exceed the number of English occurrences.
échō · ekh'-o
to hold (used in very various applications, literally or figuratively, direct or remote; such as possession; ability, contiuity, relation, or condition)
Strong's KJV usage: :--be (able, X hold, possessed with), accompany, + begin to amend, can(+ -not), X conceive, count, diseased, do + eat, + enjoy, + fear, following, have, hold, keep, + lack, + go to law, lie, + must needs, + of necessity, + need, next, + recover, + reign, + rest, + return, X sick, take for, + tremble, + uncircumcised, use.
Strong's first: Matthew 3:4Strong's last: Revelation 21:23
Open full G2192 profile →ēn · ane
I (thou, etc.) was (wast or were)
Strong's KJV usage: :--+ agree, be, X have (+ charge of), hold, use, was(-t), were.
Strong's first: Matthew 26:24Strong's last: Galatians 1:23
Open full G2258 profile →épō · ep'-o
to speak or say (by word or writing)
Strong's KJV usage: :--answer, bid, bring word, call, command, grant, say (on), speak, tell.
Strong's first: Luke 19:28Strong's last: Acts 27:35
Open full G2036 profile →lambánō · lam-ban'-o
while G138 is more violent, to seize or remove))
Strong's KJV usage: :--accept, + be amazed, assay, attain, bring, X when I call, catch, come on (X unto), + forget, have, hold, obtain, receive (X after), take (away, up).
Strong's first: Matthew 20:11Strong's last: Hebrews 11:36
Open full G2983 profile →gínomai · ghin'-om-ahee
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e. (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--arise, be assembled, be(-come, -fall, -have self), be brought (to pass), (be) come (to pass), continue, be divided, draw, be ended, fall, be finished, follow, be found, be fulfilled, + God forbid, grow, happen, have, be kept, be made, be married, be ordained to be, partake, pass, be performed, be published, require, seem, be showed, X soon as it was, sound, be taken, be turned, use, wax, will, would, be wrought.
Strong's first: Matthew 11:21Strong's last: Acts 25:26
Open full G1096 profile →eídō · i'-do
used only in certain past tenses, the others being borrowed from the equivalent G3700 and G3708; properly, to see (literally or figuratively); by implication, (in the perfect tense only) to know
Strong's KJV usage: :--be aware, behold, X can (+ not tell), consider, (have) know(-ledge), look (on), perceive, see, be sure, tell, understand, wish, wot.
Strong's first: Matthew 21:32Strong's last: Romans 7:7
Open full G1492 profile →poiéō · poy-eh'-o
to make or do (in a very wide application, more or less direct)
Strong's KJV usage: :--abide, + agree, appoint, X avenge, + band together, be, bear, + bewray, bring (forth), cast out, cause, commit, + content, continue, deal, + without any delay, (would) do(-ing), execute, exercise, fulfil, gain, give, have, hold, X journeying, keep, + lay wait, + lighten the ship, make, X mean, + none of these things move me, observe, ordain, perform, provide, + have purged, purpose, put, + raising up, X secure, shew, X shoot out, spend, take, tarry, + transgress the law, work, yield.
Strong's first: Mark 15:8Strong's last: Hebrews 1:3
Open full G4160 profile →eleéō · el-eh-eh'-o
to compassionate (by word or deed, specially, by divine grace)
Strong's KJV usage: :--have compassion (pity on), have (obtain, receive, shew) mercy (on).
Strong's first: Matthew 18:33Strong's last: 1 Peter 2:10
Open full G1653 profile →yêsh · yaysh
there is or are (or any other form of the verb to be, as may suit the connection)
Strong's KJV usage: (there) are, (he, it, shall, there, there may, there shall, there should) be, thou do, had, hast, (which) hath, (I, shalt, that) have, (he, it, there) is, substance, it (there) was, (there) were, ye will, thou wilt, wouldest.
Strong's first: Genesis 39:4Strong's last: Ezra 10:44
Open full H3426 profile →ginṓskō · ghin-oce'-ko
to "know" (absolutely) in a great variety of applications and with many implications (as follow, with others not thus clearly expressed)
Strong's KJV usage: :--allow, be aware (of), feel, (have) know(-ledge), perceived, be resolved, can speak, be sure, understand.
Strong's first: Matthew 12:7Strong's last: Romans 7:7
Open full G1097 profile →gennáō · ghen-nah'-o
to procreate (properly, of the father, but by extension of the mother); figuratively, to regenerate
Strong's KJV usage: :--bear, beget, be born, bring forth, conceive, be delivered of, gender, make, spring.
Strong's first: Matthew 26:24Strong's last: Mark 14:21
Open full G1080 profile →ei · i
if, whether, that, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--forasmuch as, if, that, (al-)though, whether.
Strong's first: John 5:46Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 2:8
Open full G1487 profile →splanchnízomai · splangkh-nid'-zom-ahee
to have the bowels yearn, i.e. (figuratively) feel sympathy, to pity
Strong's KJV usage: :--have (be moved with) compassion.
Strong's first: Luke 10:33Strong's last: Luke 15:20
Open full G4697 profile →ṓn · oan
being
Strong's KJV usage: :--be, come, have.
Strong's first: Mark 5:25Strong's last: Acts 7:5
Open full G5607 profile →hâyâh · haw-yaw
to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
Strong's KJV usage: beacon, × altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, follow, happen, × have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, × use.
Strong's first: Genesis 11:3Strong's last: 2 Samuel 4:2
Open full H1961 profile →hamartánō · ham-ar-tan'-o
properly, to miss the mark (and so not share in the prize), i.e. (figuratively) to err, especially (morally) to sin
Strong's KJV usage: :--for your faults, offend, sin, trespass.
Strong's first: Romans 5:14Strong's last: Romans 5:14
Open full G264 profile →apothnḗskō · ap-oth-nace'-ko
to die off (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--be dead, death, die, lie a-dying, be slain (X with).
Strong's first: John 11:32Strong's last: John 11:32
Open full G599 profile →apóllymi · ap-ol'-loo-mee
to destroy fully (reflexively, to perish, or lose), literally or figuratively
Strong's KJV usage: :--destroy, die, lose, mar, perish.
Strong's first: Luke 15:9Strong's last: Luke 15:9
Open full G622 profile →árchomai · ar'-khom-ahee
to commence (in order of time)
Strong's KJV usage: :--(rehearse from the) begin(-ning).
Strong's first: Matthew 18:24Strong's last: Matthew 18:24
Open full G756 profile →baptízō · bap-tid'-zo
to immerse, submerge; to make whelmed (i.e. fully wet); used only (in the New Testament) of ceremonial ablution, especially (technically) of the ordinance of Christian baptism
Strong's KJV usage: :--Baptist, baptize, wash.
Strong's first: Luke 11:38Strong's last: Luke 11:38
Open full G907 profile →dapanáō · dap-an-ah'-o
to expend, i.e. (in a good sense) to incur cost, or (in a bad one) to waste
Strong's KJV usage: :--be at charges, consume, spend.
Strong's first: Luke 15:14Strong's last: Luke 15:14
Open full G1159 profile →déchomai · dekh'-om-ahee
to receive (in various applications, literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--accept, receive, take.
Strong's first: Acts 11:1Strong's last: Acts 11:1
Open full G1209 profile →diapragmateúomai · dee-ap-rag-mat-yoo'-om-ahee
to thoroughly occupy oneself, i.e. (transitively and by implication) to earn in business
Strong's KJV usage: :--gain by trading.
Strong's first: Luke 19:15Strong's last: Luke 19:15
Open full G1281 profile →diaskorpízō · dee-as-kor-pid'-zo
to dissipate, i.e. (genitive case) to rout or separate; specially, to winnow; figuratively, to squander
Strong's KJV usage: :--disperse, scatter (abroad), strew, waste.
Strong's first: Luke 16:1Strong's last: Luke 16:1
Open full G1287 profile →dídōmi · did'-o-mee
to give (used in a very wide application, properly, or by implication, literally or figuratively; greatly modified by the connection)
Strong's KJV usage: :--adventure, bestow, bring forth, commit, deliver (up), give, grant, hinder, make, minister, number, offer, have power, put, receive, set, shew, smite (+ with the hand), strike (+ with the palm of the hand), suffer, take, utter, yield.
Strong's first: Luke 19:15Strong's last: Luke 19:15
Open full G1325 profile →doxázō · dox-ad'-zo
to render (or esteem) glorious (in a wide application)
Strong's KJV usage: :--(make) glorify(-ious), full of (have) glory, honour, magnify.
Strong's first: 2 Corinthians 3:10Strong's last: 2 Corinthians 3:10
Open full G1392 profile →eimí · i-mee'
I exist (used only when emphatic)
Strong's KJV usage: :--am, have been, X it is I, was.
Strong's first: Matthew 23:30Strong's last: Matthew 23:30
Open full G1510 profile →elattonéō · el-at-ton-eh-o
to diminish, i.e. fall short
Strong's KJV usage: :--have lack.
Strong's first: 2 Corinthians 8:15Strong's last: 2 Corinthians 8:15
Open full G1641 profile →endýō · en-doo'-o
to invest with clothing (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--array, clothe (with), endue, have (put) on.
Strong's first: Matthew 22:11Strong's last: Matthew 22:11
Open full G1746 profile →epikaléomai · ep-ee-kal-eh'-om-ahee
to entitle; by implication, to invoke (for aid, worship, testimony, decision, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--appeal (unto), call (on, upon), surname.
Strong's first: Acts 26:32Strong's last: Acts 26:32
Open full G1941 profile →érchomai · er'-khom-ahee
to come or go (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--accompany, appear, bring, come, enter, fall out, go, grow, X light, X next, pass, resort, be set.
Strong's first: John 15:22Strong's last: John 15:22
Open full G2064 profile →estí · es-tee'
he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are
Strong's KJV usage: :--are, be(-long), call, X can(-not), come, consisteth, X dure for a while, + follow, X have, (that) is (to say), make, meaneth, X must needs, + profit, + remaineth, + wrestle.
Strong's first: Acts 21:33Strong's last: Acts 21:33
Open full G2076 profile →eudokéō · yoo-dok-eh'-o
to think well of, i.e. approve (an act); specially, to approbate (a person or thing)
Strong's KJV usage: :--think good, (be well) please(-d), be the good (have, take) pleasure, be willing.
Strong's first: Hebrews 10:6Strong's last: Hebrews 10:6
Open full G2106 profile →eukairéō · yoo-kahee-reh'-o
to have good time, i.e. opportunity or leisure
Strong's KJV usage: :--have leisure (convenient time), spend time.
Strong's first: Mark 6:31Strong's last: Mark 6:31
Open full G2119 profile →heurískō · hyoo-ris'-ko
to find (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--find, get, obtain, perceive, see.
Strong's first: Matthew 13:46Strong's last: Matthew 13:46
Open full G2147 profile →thnḗskō · thnay'-sko
to die (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--be dead, die.
Strong's first: John 11:21Strong's last: John 11:21
Open full G2348 profile →thýō · thoo'-o
properly, to rush (breathe hard, blow, smoke), i.e. (by implication) to sacrifice (properly, by fire, but genitive case); by extension to immolate (slaughter for any purpose)
Strong's KJV usage: :--kill, (do) sacrifice, slay.
Strong's first: Acts 14:18Strong's last: Acts 14:18
Open full G2380 profile →kaléō · kal-eh'-o
to "call" (properly, aloud, but used in a variety of applications, directly or otherwise)
Strong's KJV usage: :--bid, call (forth), (whose, whose sur-)name (was (called)).
Strong's first: Matthew 2:7Strong's last: Matthew 2:7
Open full G2564 profile →katéchō · kat-ekh'-o
to hold down (fast), in various applications (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--have, hold (fast), keep (in memory), let, X make toward, possess, retain, seize on, stay, take, withhold.
Strong's first: John 5:4Strong's last: John 5:4
Open full G2722 profile →kolobóō · kol-ob-o'-o
to dock, i.e. (figuratively) abridge
Strong's KJV usage: :--shorten.
Strong's first: Mark 13:20Strong's last: Mark 13:20
Open full G2856 profile →metanoéō · met-an-o-eh'-o
to think differently or afterwards, i.e. reconsider (morally, feel compunction)
Strong's KJV usage: :--repent.
Strong's first: Luke 10:13Strong's last: Luke 10:13
Open full G3340 profile →horáō · hor-ah'-o
by extension, to attend to; by Hebraism, to experience; passively, to appear
Strong's KJV usage: :--behold, perceive, see, take heed.
Strong's first: Luke 24:23Strong's last: Luke 24:23
Open full G3708 profile →pará · par-ah'
properly, near; i.e. (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local (especially beyond or opposed to) or causal (on account of)
Strong's KJV usage: :--above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give (such things as they), + that (she) had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side…by, in the sight of, than, (there-)fore, with.
Strong's first: Mark 5:26Strong's last: Mark 5:26
Open full G3844 profile →parakolouthéō · par-ak-ol-oo-theh'-o
to follow near, i.e. (figuratively) attend (as a result), trace out, conform to
Strong's KJV usage: :--attain, follow, fully know, have understanding.
Strong's first: Luke 1:3Strong's last: Luke 1:3
Open full G3877 profile →pleonázō · pleh-on-ad'-zo
to do, make or be more, i.e. increase (transitively or intransitively); by extension, to superabound
Strong's KJV usage: :--abound, abundant, make to increase, have over.
Strong's first: 2 Corinthians 8:15Strong's last: 2 Corinthians 8:15
Open full G4121 profile →proskaléomai · pros-kal-eh'-om-ahee
to call toward oneself, i.e. summon, invite
Strong's KJV usage: :--call (for, to, unto).
Strong's first: Matthew 18:32Strong's last: Matthew 18:32
Open full G4341 profile →proskynéō · pros-koo-neh'-o
to fawn or crouch to, i.e. (literally or figuratively) prostrate oneself in homage (do reverence to, adore)
Strong's KJV usage: :--worship.
Strong's first: Revelation 20:4Strong's last: Revelation 20:4
Open full G4352 profile →symphōnéō · soom-fo-neh'-o
to be harmonious, i.e. (figuratively) to accord (be suitable, concur) or stipulate (by compact)
Strong's KJV usage: :--agree (together, with).
Strong's first: Matthew 20:2Strong's last: Matthew 20:2
Open full G4856 profile →toûto · too'-to
that thing
Strong's KJV usage: :--here (-unto), it, partly, self(-same), so, that (intent), the same, there(-fore, -unto), this, thus, where(-fore).
Strong's first: John 20:20Strong's last: John 20:20
Open full G5124 profile →ō · o
(may, might, can, could, would, should, must, etc.; also with G1487 and its compounds, as well as with other particles) be
Strong's KJV usage: :--+ appear, are, (may, might, should) be, X have, is, + pass the flower of her age, should stand, were.
Strong's first: 1 Corinthians 7:29Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 7:29
Open full G5600 profile →ʼahăbâh · a-hab-aw
Strong's KJV usage: love.
Strong's first: Genesis 29:20Strong's last: Genesis 29:20
Open full H160 profile →bôwʼ · bo
to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
Strong's KJV usage: abide, apply, attain, × be, befall, besiege, bring (forth, in, into, to pass), call, carry, × certainly, (cause, let, thing for) to come (against, in, out, upon, to pass), depart, × doubtless again, eat, employ, (cause to) enter (in, into, -tering, -trance, -try), be fallen, fetch, follow, get, give, go (down, in, to war), grant, have, × indeed, (in-) vade, lead, lift (up), mention, pull in, put, resort, run (down), send, set, × (well) stricken (in age), × surely, take (in), way.
Strong's first: Genesis 43:23Strong's last: Genesis 43:23
Open full H935 profile →baʻal · bah'-al
a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in modifications of this latter sense)
Strong's KJV usage: archer, babbler, bird, captain, chief man, confederate, have to do, dreamer, those to whom it is due, furious, those that are given to it, great, hairy, he that hath it, have, horseman, husband, lord, man, married, master, person, sworn, they of.
Strong's first: Daniel 8:6Strong's last: Daniel 8:6
Open full H1167 profile →hênnâh · hane'-naw
themselves (often used emphatic for the copula, also in indirect relation)
Strong's KJV usage: × in, × such (and such things), their, (into) them, thence, therein, these, they (had), on this side, whose, wherein.
Strong's first: Zechariah 5:9Strong's last: Zechariah 5:9
Open full H2007 profile →chăzâʼ · khaz-aw'
to gaze upon; mentally to dream, be usual (i.e. seem)
Strong's KJV usage: behold, have (a dream), see, be wont.
Strong's first: Daniel 7:1Strong's last: Daniel 7:1
Open full H2370 profile →nâchal · naw-khal'
to inherit (as a (figurative) mode of descent), or (generally) to occupy; causatively, to bequeath, or (generally) distribute, instate
Strong's KJV usage: divide, have (inheritance), take as a heritage, (cause to, give to, make to) inherit, (distribute for, divide (for, for an, by), give for, have, leave for, take (for)) inheritance, (have in, cause to, be made to) possess(-ion).
Strong's first: Joshua 17:6Strong's last: Joshua 17:6
Open full H5157 profile →nâthan · naw-than'
to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, × avenge, × be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, × doubtless, × without fail, fasten, frame, × get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), × have, × indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), lie, lift up, make, O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, × pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), sing, slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, × surely, × take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, weep, willingly, withdraw, would (to) God, yield.
Strong's first: Job 31:31Strong's last: Job 31:31
Open full H5414 profile →sûwm · soom
to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)
Strong's KJV usage: × any wise, appoint, bring, call (a name), care, cast in, change, charge, commit, consider, convey, determine, disguise, dispose, do, get, give, heap up, hold, impute, lay (down, up), leave, look, make (out), mark, name, × on, ordain, order, paint, place, preserve, purpose, put (on), regard, rehearse, reward, (cause to) set (on, up), shew, stedfastly, take, × tell, tread down, (over-)turn, × wholly, work.
Strong's first: Ezra 10:44Strong's last: Ezra 10:44
Open full H7760 profile →Strong's data is a concordance/lexical reference layer. Scripture context controls interpretation. Lexical source data is shown separately from future TWBC editorial teaching.
78 occurrences match the current filters. Each row keeps its exact KJV token position so Original Word and TSK remain occurrence-specific.
And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD's priests.
And it came to pass afterward, that David's heart smote him, because he had cut off Saul's skirt.
Behold, this day thine eyes have seen how that the LORD had delivered thee to day into mine hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee: but mine eye spared thee; and I said, I will not put forth mine hand against my lord; for he is the LORD's anointed.
And it came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking these words unto Saul, that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And Saul lifted up his voice, and wept.
And thou hast shewed this day how that thou hast dealt well with me: forasmuch as when the LORD had delivered me into thine hand, thou killedst me not.
And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.
Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good.
For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.
So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.
But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.
But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.
And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him.
Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.
Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.
Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.
Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night.
And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof:
And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire;
And had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way.
Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.
And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights.
And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights.
And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.
And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.
And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away: and David rescued his two wives.
Dictionary data is kept visibly separate from Scripture and from lexical Strong's data.
HAD, preterit tense and participle passive of have; contracted from Sax.haefd, that is, haved; as, I had; I have had In the phrase, 'I had better go, ' it is supposed that had is used for would; 'I'd better go.' The sense of the phrase is, 'it would be better for me to go.'
Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). A conservative base-form lookup may be used when the exact inflected KJV form is not a Webster headword.
Curated TWBC teaching will remain a separate editorial layer. Raw source data is never silently rewritten to force a doctrinal conclusion.