Genesis 1:2
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Read in context →Begin with the exact English word as it appears in the King James Bible. Follow its whole-Bible usage, book distribution, related indexed forms, Webster 1828, every occurrence, and the occurrence-specific Hebrew/Aramaic/Greek mappings behind it.
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Read in context →And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.
Read in context →249 occurrences in 203 verses.
Browse those occurrences →This is exact English-word usage from the canonical KJV token index, not a Strong's estimate.
These relationships come from exact verse + token-position mappings. We do not assume that one English spelling always equals one Strong's number. A single English token can also carry more than one source tag, so the Strong's-link total can exceed the number of English occurrences.
epí · ep-ee'
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e. over, upon, etc.; of rest (with the dative case) at, on, etc.; of direction (with the accusative case) towards, upon, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--about (the times), above, after, against, among, as long as (touching), at, beside, X have charge of, (be-, (where-))fore, in (a place, as much as, the time of, -to), (because) of, (up-)on (behalf of), over, (by, for) the space of, through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), with.
Strong's first: Matthew 3:16Strong's last: Revelation 21:5
Open full G1909 profile →eis · ice
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
Strong's KJV usage: :--(abundant-)ly, against, among, as, at, (back-)ward, before, by, concerning, + continual, + far more exceeding, for (intent, purpose), fore, + forth, in (among, at, unto, -so much that, -to), to the intent that, + of one mind, + never, of, (up-)on, + perish, + set at one again, (so) that, therefore(-unto), throughout, til, to (be, the end, -ward), (here-)until(-to), …ward, (where-)fore, with.
Strong's first: Matthew 26:10Strong's last: Revelation 16:4
Open full G1519 profile →pânîym · paw-neem'
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, × as (long as), at, battle, because (of), beseech, countenance, edge, employ, endure, enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, × him(-self), honourable, impudent, in, it, look(-eth) (-s), × me, meet, × more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), × on, open, out of, over against, the partial, person, please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, regard, right forth, serve, × shewbread, sight, state, straight, street, × thee, × them(-selves), through ( -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), upon, upside ( down), with(-in, -stand), × ye, × you.
Strong's first: Exodus 32:20Strong's last: Hosea 10:7
Open full H6440 profile →ʻal · al
Strong's KJV usage: about, against, concerning, for, (there-) fore, from, in, × more, of, (there-, up-) on, (in-) to, why with.
Strong's first: Ezra 5:5Strong's last: Daniel 7:6
Open full H5922 profile →ephístēmi · ef-is'-tay-mee
to stand upon, i.e. be present (in various applications, friendly or otherwise, usually literal);
Strong's KJV usage: --assault, come (in, to, unto, upon), be at hand (instant), present, stand (before, by, over).
Strong's first: Luke 2:9Strong's last: Acts 12:7
Open full G2186 profile →en · en
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--about, after, against, + almost, X altogether, among, X as, at, before, between, (here-)by (+ all means), for (… sake of), + give self wholly to, (here-)in(-to, -wardly), X mightily, (because) of, (up-)on, (open-)ly, X outwardly, one, X quickly, X shortly, (speedi-)ly, X that, X there(-in, -on), through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), under, when, where(-with), while, with(-in).
Strong's first: Matthew 12:2Strong's last: James 4:3
Open full G1722 profile →epikaléomai · ep-ee-kal-eh'-om-ahee
to entitle; by implication, to invoke (for aid, worship, testimony, decision, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--appeal (unto), call (on, upon), surname.
Strong's first: Acts 7:59Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 1:2
Open full G1941 profile →maʻal · mah'al
properly,the upper part, used only adverbially with prefix upward, above, overhead, from the top, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: above, exceeding(-ly), forward, on (× very) high, over, up(-on, -ward), very.
Strong's first: Genesis 22:9Strong's last: Daniel 12:7
Open full H4605 profile →marʼeh · mar-eh'
a view (the act of seeing); also an appearance (the thing seen), whether (real) a shape (especially if handsome, comeliness; often plural the looks), or (mental) a vision
Strong's KJV usage: × apparently, appearance(-reth), × as soon as beautiful(-ly), countenance, fair, favoured, form, goodly, to look (up) on (to), look(-eth), pattern, to see, seem, sight, visage, vision.
Strong's first: Genesis 12:11Strong's last: 2 Samuel 11:2
Open full H4758 profile →epánō · ep-an'-o
up above, i.e. over or on (of place, amount, rank, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--above, more than, (up-)on, over.
Strong's first: Matthew 23:18Strong's last: Revelation 20:3
Open full G1883 profile →ʻal · al
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
Strong's KJV usage: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, × as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, × both and, by (reason of), × had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, × with.
Strong's first: Genesis 1:2Strong's last: Exodus 25:22
Open full H5921 profile →epérchomai · ep-er'-khom-ahee
to supervene, i.e. arrive, occur, impend, attack, (figuratively) influence
Strong's KJV usage: :--come (in, upon).
Strong's first: Luke 11:22Strong's last: James 5:1
Open full G1904 profile →epitíthēmi · ep-ee-tith'-ay-mee
to impose (in a friendly or hostile sense)
Strong's KJV usage: :--add unto, lade, lay upon, put (up) on, set on (up), + surname, X wound.
Strong's first: Mark 7:32Strong's last: Acts 15:28
Open full G2007 profile →katá · kat-ah'
(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)
Strong's KJV usage: :--about, according as (to), after, against, (when they were) X alone, among, and, X apart, (even, like) as (concerning, pertaining to touching), X aside, at, before, beyond, by, to the charge of, (charita-)bly, concerning, + covered, (dai-)ly, down, every, (+ far more) exceeding, X more excellent, for, from … to, godly, in(-asmuch, divers, every, -to, respect of), … by, after the manner of, + by any means, beyond (out of) measure, X mightily, more, X natural, of (up-)on (X part), out (of every), over against, (+ your) X own, + particularly, so, through(-oughout, -oughout every), thus, (un-)to(-gether, -ward), X uttermost, where(-by), with.
Strong's first: 1 Corinthians 16:2Strong's last: Jude 1:15
Open full G2596 profile →katexousiázō · kat-ex-oo-see-ad'-zo
to have (wield) full privilege over
Strong's KJV usage: :--exercise authority.
Strong's first: Matthew 20:25Strong's last: Mark 10:42
Open full G2715 profile →periblépō · per-ee-blep'-o
to look all around
Strong's KJV usage: :--look (round) about (on).
Strong's first: Mark 11:11Strong's last: Luke 6:10
Open full G4017 profile →bᵉʻad · beh-ad'
in up to or over against; generally at, beside, among, behind, for, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: about, at by (means of), for, over, through, up (-on), within.
Strong's first: Judges 3:22Strong's last: 2 Kings 4:5
Open full H1157 profile →dârak · daw-rak'
to tread; by implication, to walk; also to string a bow (by treading on it in bending)
Strong's KJV usage: archer, bend, come, draw, go (over), guide, lead (forth), thresh, tread (down), walk.
Strong's first: Deuteronomy 1:36Strong's last: Joshua 1:3
Open full H1869 profile →apó · apo'
"off," i.e. away (from something near), in various senses (of place, time, or relation; literal or figurative)
Strong's KJV usage: :--(X here-)after, ago, at, because of, before, by (the space of), for(-th), from, in, (out) of, off, (up-)on(-ce), since, with.
Strong's first: Acts 11:19Strong's last: Acts 11:19
Open full G575 profile →gínomai · ghin'-om-ahee
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e. (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--arise, be assembled, be(-come, -fall, -have self), be brought (to pass), (be) come (to pass), continue, be divided, draw, be ended, fall, be finished, follow, be found, be fulfilled, + God forbid, grow, happen, have, be kept, be made, be married, be ordained to be, partake, pass, be performed, be published, require, seem, be showed, X soon as it was, sound, be taken, be turned, use, wax, will, would, be wrought.
Strong's first: Acts 2:43Strong's last: Acts 2:43
Open full G1096 profile →dé · deh
but, and, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--also, and, but, moreover, now (often unexpressed in English).
Strong's first: Acts 20:7Strong's last: Acts 20:7
Open full G1161 profile →ekeînos · ek-i'-nos
that one (or (neuter) thing); often intensified by the article prefixed
Strong's KJV usage: :--he, it, the other (same), selfsame, that (same, very), X their, X them, they, this, those.
Strong's first: Luke 6:48Strong's last: Luke 6:48
Open full G1565 profile →eleéō · el-eh-eh'-o
to compassionate (by word or deed, specially, by divine grace)
Strong's KJV usage: :--have compassion (pity on), have (obtain, receive, shew) mercy (on).
Strong's first: Romans 11:32Strong's last: Romans 11:32
Open full G1653 profile →emblépō · em-blep'-o
to look on, i.e. (relatively) to observe fixedly, or (absolutely) to discern clearly
Strong's KJV usage: :--behold, gaze up, look upon, (could) see.
Strong's first: Mark 10:27Strong's last: Mark 10:27
Open full G1689 profile →emptýō · emp-too'-o
to spit at or on
Strong's KJV usage: :--spit (upon).
Strong's first: Mark 10:34Strong's last: Mark 10:34
Open full G1716 profile →exousiázō · ex-oo-see-ad'-zo
to control
Strong's KJV usage: :--exercise authority upon, bring under the (have) power of.
Strong's first: Luke 22:25Strong's last: Luke 22:25
Open full G1850 profile →epágō · ep-ag'-o
to superinduce, i.e. inflict (an evil), charge (a crime)
Strong's KJV usage: :--bring upon.
Strong's first: 2 Peter 2:1Strong's last: 2 Peter 2:1
Open full G1863 profile →ependýomai · ep-en-doo'-om-ahee
to invest upon oneself
Strong's KJV usage: :--be clothed upon.
Strong's first: 2 Corinthians 5:2Strong's last: 2 Corinthians 5:2
Open full G1902 profile →epíkeimai · ep-ik'-i-mahee
to rest upon (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--impose, be instant, (be) laid (there-, up-)on, (when) lay (on), lie (on), press upon.
Strong's first: Luke 5:1Strong's last: Luke 5:1
Open full G1945 profile →epilambánomai · ep-ee-lam-ban'-om-ahee
to seize (for help, injury, attainment, or any other purpose; literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--catch, lay hold (up-)on, take (by, hold of, on).
Strong's first: Luke 23:26Strong's last: Luke 23:26
Open full G1949 profile →epipíptō · ep-ee-pip'-to
to embrace (with affection) or seize (with more or less violence; literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--fall into (on, upon) lie on, press upon.
Strong's first: Mark 3:10Strong's last: Mark 3:10
Open full G1968 profile →euprósedros · yoo-pros'-ed-ros
sitting well towards, i.e. (figuratively) assiduous (neuter, diligent service)
Strong's KJV usage: :--X attend upon.
Strong's first: 1 Corinthians 7:35Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 7:35
Open full G2145 profile →theáomai · theh-ah'-om-ahee
to look closely at, i.e. (by implication) perceive (literally or figuratively); by extension to visit
Strong's KJV usage: :--behold, look (upon), see.
Strong's first: 1 John 1:1Strong's last: 1 John 1:1
Open full G2300 profile →katalambánō · kat-al-am-ban'-o
to take eagerly, i.e. seize, possess, etc. (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--apprehend, attain, come upon, comprehend, find, obtain, perceive, (over-)take.
Strong's first: John 12:35Strong's last: John 12:35
Open full G2638 profile →meletáō · mel-et-ah'-o
to take care of, i.e. (by implication) revolve in the mind
Strong's KJV usage: :--imagine, (pre-)meditate.
Strong's first: 1 Timothy 4:15Strong's last: 1 Timothy 4:15
Open full G3191 profile →metá · met-ah'
properly, denoting accompaniment; "amid" (local or causal); modified variously according to the case (genitive association, or accusative succession) with which it is joined; occupying an intermediate position between G575 or G1537 and G1519 or G4314; less intimate than G1722 and less close than G4862)
Strong's KJV usage: :--after(-ward), X that he again, against, among, X and, + follow, hence, hereafter, in, of, (up-)on, + our, X and setting, since, (un-)to, + together, when, with (+ -out).
Strong's first: Luke 1:58Strong's last: Luke 1:58
Open full G3326 profile →ho · ho
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in English idiom)
Strong's KJV usage: :--the, this, that, one, he, she, it, etc.
Strong's first: 1 Thessalonians 5:3Strong's last: 1 Thessalonians 5:3
Open full G3588 profile →hórasis · hor'-as-is
the act of gazing, i.e. (externally) an aspect or (internally) an inspired appearance
Strong's KJV usage: :--sight, vision.
Strong's first: Revelation 4:3Strong's last: Revelation 4:3
Open full G3706 profile →proskóptō · pros-kop'-to
to strike at, i.e. surge against (as water); specially, to stub on, i.e. trip up (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--beat upon, dash, stumble (at).
Strong's first: Matthew 7:27Strong's last: Matthew 7:27
Open full G4350 profile →prospíptō · pros-pip'-to
to fall towards, i.e. (gently) prostrate oneself (in supplication or homage), or (violently) to rush upon (in storm)
Strong's KJV usage: :--beat upon, fall (down) at (before).
Strong's first: Matthew 7:25Strong's last: Matthew 7:25
Open full G4363 profile →ʼêl · ale
near, with or among; often in general, to
Strong's KJV usage: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, × hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).
Strong's first: Genesis 22:12Strong's last: Genesis 22:12
Open full H413 profile →ʼêth · ayth
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
Strong's KJV usage: [as such unrepresented in English].
Strong's first: Zechariah 6:8Strong's last: Zechariah 6:8
Open full H853 profile →gaph · gaf
the back; by extension the body or self
Strong's KJV usage: highest places, himself.
Strong's first: Proverbs 9:3Strong's last: Proverbs 9:3
Open full H1610 profile →lâbash · law-bash'
properly, wrap around, i.e. (by implication) to put on a garment or clothe (oneself, or another), literally or figuratively
Strong's KJV usage: (in) apparel, arm, array (self), clothe (self), come upon, put (on, upon), wear.
Strong's first: Genesis 27:15Strong's last: Genesis 27:15
Open full H3847 profile →lᵉmôw · lem-o'
to or for
Strong's KJV usage: at, for, to, upon.
Strong's first: Job 40:4Strong's last: Job 40:4
Open full H3926 profile →mishṭôwach · mish-to'-akh
a spreading-place
Strong's KJV usage: (to) spread (forth, -ing, upon).
Strong's first: Ezekiel 26:14Strong's last: Ezekiel 26:14
Open full H4894 profile →nâphal · naw-fal'
to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)
Strong's KJV usage: be accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have (inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for 6419), lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (× hast) lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, × surely, throw down.
Strong's first: Joshua 11:7Strong's last: Joshua 11:7
Open full H5307 profile →pâgaʻ · paw-gah'
to impinge, by accident or violence, or (figuratively) by importunity
Strong's KJV usage: come (betwixt), cause to entreat, fall (upon), make intercession, intercessor, intreat, lay, light (upon), meet (together), pray, reach, run.
Strong's first: Judges 15:12Strong's last: Judges 15:12
Open full H6293 profile →pâshaṭ · paw-shat'
to spread out (i.e. deploy in hostile array); by analogy, to strip (i.e. unclothe, plunder, flay, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: fall upon, flay, invade, make an invasion, pull off, put off, make a road, run upon, rush, set, spoil, spread selves (abroad), strip (off, self).
Strong's first: Judges 9:44Strong's last: Judges 9:44
Open full H6584 profile →râʼâh · raw-aw'
to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
Strong's KJV usage: advise self, appear, approve, behold, × certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have experience, gaze, take heed, × indeed, × joyfully, lo, look (on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up, upon), mark, meet, × be near, perceive, present, provide, regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one another), shew (self), × sight of others, (e-) spy, stare, × surely, × think, view, visions.
Strong's first: Daniel 1:13Strong's last: Daniel 1:13
Open full H7200 profile →râkab · raw-kab'
to ride (on an animal or in a vehicle); causatively, to place upon (for riding or generally), to despatch
Strong's KJV usage: bring (on (horse-) back), carry, get (oneself) up, on (horse-) back, put, (cause to, make to) ride (in a chariot, on, -r), set.
Strong's first: Nehemiah 2:12Strong's last: Nehemiah 2:12
Open full H7392 profile →Strong's data is a concordance/lexical reference layer. Scripture context controls interpretation. Lexical source data is shown separately from future TWBC editorial teaching.
44 occurrences match the current filters. Each row keeps its exact KJV token position so Original Word and TSK remain occurrence-specific.
Then let our countenances be looked upon before thee, and the countenance of the children that eat of the portion of the king's meat: and as thou seest, deal with thy servants.
The Chaldeans answered before the king, and said, There is not a man upon the earth that can shew the king's matter: therefore there is no king, lord, nor ruler, that asked such things at any magician, or astrologer, or Chaldean.
But there is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known to the king Nebuchadnezzar what shall be in the latter days. Thy dream, and the visions of thy head upon thy bed, are these;
As for thee, O king, thy thoughts came into thy mind upon thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter: and he that revealeth secrets maketh known to thee what shall come to pass.
Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.
Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet odours unto him.
And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's counsellers, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither were their coats changed, nor the smell of fire had passed on them.
I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.
I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a watcher and an holy one came down from heaven;
Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation:
This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king:
All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar.
The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws.
In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote.
Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house; and his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem, he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did aforetime.
And a stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den; and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords; that the purpose might not be changed concerning Daniel.
Then was the king exceeding glad for him, and commanded that they should take Daniel up out of the den. So Daniel was taken up out of the den, and no manner of hurt was found upon him, because he believed in his God.
In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters.
Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea.
The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it.
After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.
Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand.
And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them.
So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the vision.
Dictionary data is kept visibly separate from Scripture and from lexical Strong's data.
UPON', preposition
1. Resting or being on the top or surface; as being upon a hill, or upon a rock; upon a field; upon a table; upon a river; upon the altar; upon the roof. He has his coat upon his back; his hat is upon his head.
2. In a state of resting or dependence; as upon this condition; he will contract with you upon these terms. upon our repentance we hope to be forgiven.
3. Denoting resting, as a burden. Impose upon yourself this task.
4. In the direction or part of; as upon the right hand.
5. Relating to. They are now engaged upon the affairs of the bank.
6. In consideration of; as upon the whole matter.
7. Near to; as a village upon the Thames.
8. With, or having received. He came upon an hour's warning.
9. On the occasion of; engaged in for the execution of. He sent the officer upon a bold enterprise.
10. In; during the time of; as upon the seventh day; upon the first of January.
11. Noting security; as, to borrow money upon lands, or upon mortgage.
12. Noting approach or attack.
The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. Judges 16:3.
13. Noting exposure or incurring some danger or loss. You do this upon pain of death, or upon the penalties of the law.
14. At the time of; on occasion of. What was their conduct upon this event?
15. By inference from, or pursuing a certain supposition. upon his principles, we can have no stable government.
16. Engaged in. What is he upon?
17. Having a particular manner. The horse is now upon a hard trot.
18. Resting or standing, as on a condition. He is put upon his good behavior.
19. Noting means of subsistence or support. Cattle live upon grass.
20. Noting dependence for subsistence; as, paupers come upon the parish or town.
To take upon to assume.
To assume upon in law, to promise; to undertake.
Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). A conservative base-form lookup may be used when the exact inflected KJV form is not a Webster headword.
Curated TWBC teaching will remain a separate editorial layer. Raw source data is never silently rewritten to force a doctrinal conclusion.