Genesis 1:2
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Read in context →Begin with the exact English word as it appears in the King James Bible. Follow its whole-Bible usage, book distribution, related indexed forms, Webster 1828, every occurrence, and the occurrence-specific Hebrew/Aramaic/Greek mappings behind it.
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Read in context →And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.
Read in context →249 occurrences in 203 verses.
Browse those occurrences →This is exact English-word usage from the canonical KJV token index, not a Strong's estimate.
These relationships come from exact verse + token-position mappings. We do not assume that one English spelling always equals one Strong's number. A single English token can also carry more than one source tag, so the Strong's-link total can exceed the number of English occurrences.
epí · ep-ee'
properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e. over, upon, etc.; of rest (with the dative case) at, on, etc.; of direction (with the accusative case) towards, upon, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--about (the times), above, after, against, among, as long as (touching), at, beside, X have charge of, (be-, (where-))fore, in (a place, as much as, the time of, -to), (because) of, (up-)on (behalf of), over, (by, for) the space of, through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), with.
Strong's first: Matthew 3:16Strong's last: Revelation 21:5
Open full G1909 profile →eis · ice
to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases
Strong's KJV usage: :--(abundant-)ly, against, among, as, at, (back-)ward, before, by, concerning, + continual, + far more exceeding, for (intent, purpose), fore, + forth, in (among, at, unto, -so much that, -to), to the intent that, + of one mind, + never, of, (up-)on, + perish, + set at one again, (so) that, therefore(-unto), throughout, til, to (be, the end, -ward), (here-)until(-to), …ward, (where-)fore, with.
Strong's first: Matthew 26:10Strong's last: Revelation 16:4
Open full G1519 profile →pânîym · paw-neem'
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, × as (long as), at, battle, because (of), beseech, countenance, edge, employ, endure, enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, × him(-self), honourable, impudent, in, it, look(-eth) (-s), × me, meet, × more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), × on, open, out of, over against, the partial, person, please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, regard, right forth, serve, × shewbread, sight, state, straight, street, × thee, × them(-selves), through ( -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), upon, upside ( down), with(-in, -stand), × ye, × you.
Strong's first: Exodus 32:20Strong's last: Hosea 10:7
Open full H6440 profile →ʻal · al
Strong's KJV usage: about, against, concerning, for, (there-) fore, from, in, × more, of, (there-, up-) on, (in-) to, why with.
Strong's first: Ezra 5:5Strong's last: Daniel 7:6
Open full H5922 profile →ephístēmi · ef-is'-tay-mee
to stand upon, i.e. be present (in various applications, friendly or otherwise, usually literal);
Strong's KJV usage: --assault, come (in, to, unto, upon), be at hand (instant), present, stand (before, by, over).
Strong's first: Luke 2:9Strong's last: Acts 12:7
Open full G2186 profile →en · en
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--about, after, against, + almost, X altogether, among, X as, at, before, between, (here-)by (+ all means), for (… sake of), + give self wholly to, (here-)in(-to, -wardly), X mightily, (because) of, (up-)on, (open-)ly, X outwardly, one, X quickly, X shortly, (speedi-)ly, X that, X there(-in, -on), through(-out), (un-)to(-ward), under, when, where(-with), while, with(-in).
Strong's first: Matthew 12:2Strong's last: James 4:3
Open full G1722 profile →epikaléomai · ep-ee-kal-eh'-om-ahee
to entitle; by implication, to invoke (for aid, worship, testimony, decision, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--appeal (unto), call (on, upon), surname.
Strong's first: Acts 7:59Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 1:2
Open full G1941 profile →maʻal · mah'al
properly,the upper part, used only adverbially with prefix upward, above, overhead, from the top, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: above, exceeding(-ly), forward, on (× very) high, over, up(-on, -ward), very.
Strong's first: Genesis 22:9Strong's last: Daniel 12:7
Open full H4605 profile →marʼeh · mar-eh'
a view (the act of seeing); also an appearance (the thing seen), whether (real) a shape (especially if handsome, comeliness; often plural the looks), or (mental) a vision
Strong's KJV usage: × apparently, appearance(-reth), × as soon as beautiful(-ly), countenance, fair, favoured, form, goodly, to look (up) on (to), look(-eth), pattern, to see, seem, sight, visage, vision.
Strong's first: Genesis 12:11Strong's last: 2 Samuel 11:2
Open full H4758 profile →epánō · ep-an'-o
up above, i.e. over or on (of place, amount, rank, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--above, more than, (up-)on, over.
Strong's first: Matthew 23:18Strong's last: Revelation 20:3
Open full G1883 profile →ʻal · al
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
Strong's KJV usage: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, × as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, × both and, by (reason of), × had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, × with.
Strong's first: Genesis 1:2Strong's last: Exodus 25:22
Open full H5921 profile →epérchomai · ep-er'-khom-ahee
to supervene, i.e. arrive, occur, impend, attack, (figuratively) influence
Strong's KJV usage: :--come (in, upon).
Strong's first: Luke 11:22Strong's last: James 5:1
Open full G1904 profile →epitíthēmi · ep-ee-tith'-ay-mee
to impose (in a friendly or hostile sense)
Strong's KJV usage: :--add unto, lade, lay upon, put (up) on, set on (up), + surname, X wound.
Strong's first: Mark 7:32Strong's last: Acts 15:28
Open full G2007 profile →katá · kat-ah'
(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)
Strong's KJV usage: :--about, according as (to), after, against, (when they were) X alone, among, and, X apart, (even, like) as (concerning, pertaining to touching), X aside, at, before, beyond, by, to the charge of, (charita-)bly, concerning, + covered, (dai-)ly, down, every, (+ far more) exceeding, X more excellent, for, from … to, godly, in(-asmuch, divers, every, -to, respect of), … by, after the manner of, + by any means, beyond (out of) measure, X mightily, more, X natural, of (up-)on (X part), out (of every), over against, (+ your) X own, + particularly, so, through(-oughout, -oughout every), thus, (un-)to(-gether, -ward), X uttermost, where(-by), with.
Strong's first: 1 Corinthians 16:2Strong's last: Jude 1:15
Open full G2596 profile →katexousiázō · kat-ex-oo-see-ad'-zo
to have (wield) full privilege over
Strong's KJV usage: :--exercise authority.
Strong's first: Matthew 20:25Strong's last: Mark 10:42
Open full G2715 profile →periblépō · per-ee-blep'-o
to look all around
Strong's KJV usage: :--look (round) about (on).
Strong's first: Mark 11:11Strong's last: Luke 6:10
Open full G4017 profile →bᵉʻad · beh-ad'
in up to or over against; generally at, beside, among, behind, for, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: about, at by (means of), for, over, through, up (-on), within.
Strong's first: Judges 3:22Strong's last: 2 Kings 4:5
Open full H1157 profile →dârak · daw-rak'
to tread; by implication, to walk; also to string a bow (by treading on it in bending)
Strong's KJV usage: archer, bend, come, draw, go (over), guide, lead (forth), thresh, tread (down), walk.
Strong's first: Deuteronomy 1:36Strong's last: Joshua 1:3
Open full H1869 profile →apó · apo'
"off," i.e. away (from something near), in various senses (of place, time, or relation; literal or figurative)
Strong's KJV usage: :--(X here-)after, ago, at, because of, before, by (the space of), for(-th), from, in, (out) of, off, (up-)on(-ce), since, with.
Strong's first: Acts 11:19Strong's last: Acts 11:19
Open full G575 profile →gínomai · ghin'-om-ahee
to cause to be ("gen"-erate), i.e. (reflexively) to become (come into being), used with great latitude (literal, figurative, intensive, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: :--arise, be assembled, be(-come, -fall, -have self), be brought (to pass), (be) come (to pass), continue, be divided, draw, be ended, fall, be finished, follow, be found, be fulfilled, + God forbid, grow, happen, have, be kept, be made, be married, be ordained to be, partake, pass, be performed, be published, require, seem, be showed, X soon as it was, sound, be taken, be turned, use, wax, will, would, be wrought.
Strong's first: Acts 2:43Strong's last: Acts 2:43
Open full G1096 profile →dé · deh
but, and, etc.
Strong's KJV usage: :--also, and, but, moreover, now (often unexpressed in English).
Strong's first: Acts 20:7Strong's last: Acts 20:7
Open full G1161 profile →ekeînos · ek-i'-nos
that one (or (neuter) thing); often intensified by the article prefixed
Strong's KJV usage: :--he, it, the other (same), selfsame, that (same, very), X their, X them, they, this, those.
Strong's first: Luke 6:48Strong's last: Luke 6:48
Open full G1565 profile →eleéō · el-eh-eh'-o
to compassionate (by word or deed, specially, by divine grace)
Strong's KJV usage: :--have compassion (pity on), have (obtain, receive, shew) mercy (on).
Strong's first: Romans 11:32Strong's last: Romans 11:32
Open full G1653 profile →emblépō · em-blep'-o
to look on, i.e. (relatively) to observe fixedly, or (absolutely) to discern clearly
Strong's KJV usage: :--behold, gaze up, look upon, (could) see.
Strong's first: Mark 10:27Strong's last: Mark 10:27
Open full G1689 profile →emptýō · emp-too'-o
to spit at or on
Strong's KJV usage: :--spit (upon).
Strong's first: Mark 10:34Strong's last: Mark 10:34
Open full G1716 profile →exousiázō · ex-oo-see-ad'-zo
to control
Strong's KJV usage: :--exercise authority upon, bring under the (have) power of.
Strong's first: Luke 22:25Strong's last: Luke 22:25
Open full G1850 profile →epágō · ep-ag'-o
to superinduce, i.e. inflict (an evil), charge (a crime)
Strong's KJV usage: :--bring upon.
Strong's first: 2 Peter 2:1Strong's last: 2 Peter 2:1
Open full G1863 profile →ependýomai · ep-en-doo'-om-ahee
to invest upon oneself
Strong's KJV usage: :--be clothed upon.
Strong's first: 2 Corinthians 5:2Strong's last: 2 Corinthians 5:2
Open full G1902 profile →epíkeimai · ep-ik'-i-mahee
to rest upon (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--impose, be instant, (be) laid (there-, up-)on, (when) lay (on), lie (on), press upon.
Strong's first: Luke 5:1Strong's last: Luke 5:1
Open full G1945 profile →epilambánomai · ep-ee-lam-ban'-om-ahee
to seize (for help, injury, attainment, or any other purpose; literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--catch, lay hold (up-)on, take (by, hold of, on).
Strong's first: Luke 23:26Strong's last: Luke 23:26
Open full G1949 profile →epipíptō · ep-ee-pip'-to
to embrace (with affection) or seize (with more or less violence; literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--fall into (on, upon) lie on, press upon.
Strong's first: Mark 3:10Strong's last: Mark 3:10
Open full G1968 profile →euprósedros · yoo-pros'-ed-ros
sitting well towards, i.e. (figuratively) assiduous (neuter, diligent service)
Strong's KJV usage: :--X attend upon.
Strong's first: 1 Corinthians 7:35Strong's last: 1 Corinthians 7:35
Open full G2145 profile →theáomai · theh-ah'-om-ahee
to look closely at, i.e. (by implication) perceive (literally or figuratively); by extension to visit
Strong's KJV usage: :--behold, look (upon), see.
Strong's first: 1 John 1:1Strong's last: 1 John 1:1
Open full G2300 profile →katalambánō · kat-al-am-ban'-o
to take eagerly, i.e. seize, possess, etc. (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--apprehend, attain, come upon, comprehend, find, obtain, perceive, (over-)take.
Strong's first: John 12:35Strong's last: John 12:35
Open full G2638 profile →meletáō · mel-et-ah'-o
to take care of, i.e. (by implication) revolve in the mind
Strong's KJV usage: :--imagine, (pre-)meditate.
Strong's first: 1 Timothy 4:15Strong's last: 1 Timothy 4:15
Open full G3191 profile →metá · met-ah'
properly, denoting accompaniment; "amid" (local or causal); modified variously according to the case (genitive association, or accusative succession) with which it is joined; occupying an intermediate position between G575 or G1537 and G1519 or G4314; less intimate than G1722 and less close than G4862)
Strong's KJV usage: :--after(-ward), X that he again, against, among, X and, + follow, hence, hereafter, in, of, (up-)on, + our, X and setting, since, (un-)to, + together, when, with (+ -out).
Strong's first: Luke 1:58Strong's last: Luke 1:58
Open full G3326 profile →ho · ho
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in English idiom)
Strong's KJV usage: :--the, this, that, one, he, she, it, etc.
Strong's first: 1 Thessalonians 5:3Strong's last: 1 Thessalonians 5:3
Open full G3588 profile →hórasis · hor'-as-is
the act of gazing, i.e. (externally) an aspect or (internally) an inspired appearance
Strong's KJV usage: :--sight, vision.
Strong's first: Revelation 4:3Strong's last: Revelation 4:3
Open full G3706 profile →proskóptō · pros-kop'-to
to strike at, i.e. surge against (as water); specially, to stub on, i.e. trip up (literally or figuratively)
Strong's KJV usage: :--beat upon, dash, stumble (at).
Strong's first: Matthew 7:27Strong's last: Matthew 7:27
Open full G4350 profile →prospíptō · pros-pip'-to
to fall towards, i.e. (gently) prostrate oneself (in supplication or homage), or (violently) to rush upon (in storm)
Strong's KJV usage: :--beat upon, fall (down) at (before).
Strong's first: Matthew 7:25Strong's last: Matthew 7:25
Open full G4363 profile →ʼêl · ale
near, with or among; often in general, to
Strong's KJV usage: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, × hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).
Strong's first: Genesis 22:12Strong's last: Genesis 22:12
Open full H413 profile →ʼêth · ayth
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
Strong's KJV usage: [as such unrepresented in English].
Strong's first: Zechariah 6:8Strong's last: Zechariah 6:8
Open full H853 profile →gaph · gaf
the back; by extension the body or self
Strong's KJV usage: highest places, himself.
Strong's first: Proverbs 9:3Strong's last: Proverbs 9:3
Open full H1610 profile →lâbash · law-bash'
properly, wrap around, i.e. (by implication) to put on a garment or clothe (oneself, or another), literally or figuratively
Strong's KJV usage: (in) apparel, arm, array (self), clothe (self), come upon, put (on, upon), wear.
Strong's first: Genesis 27:15Strong's last: Genesis 27:15
Open full H3847 profile →lᵉmôw · lem-o'
to or for
Strong's KJV usage: at, for, to, upon.
Strong's first: Job 40:4Strong's last: Job 40:4
Open full H3926 profile →mishṭôwach · mish-to'-akh
a spreading-place
Strong's KJV usage: (to) spread (forth, -ing, upon).
Strong's first: Ezekiel 26:14Strong's last: Ezekiel 26:14
Open full H4894 profile →nâphal · naw-fal'
to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)
Strong's KJV usage: be accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have (inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for 6419), lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (× hast) lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, × surely, throw down.
Strong's first: Joshua 11:7Strong's last: Joshua 11:7
Open full H5307 profile →pâgaʻ · paw-gah'
to impinge, by accident or violence, or (figuratively) by importunity
Strong's KJV usage: come (betwixt), cause to entreat, fall (upon), make intercession, intercessor, intreat, lay, light (upon), meet (together), pray, reach, run.
Strong's first: Judges 15:12Strong's last: Judges 15:12
Open full H6293 profile →pâshaṭ · paw-shat'
to spread out (i.e. deploy in hostile array); by analogy, to strip (i.e. unclothe, plunder, flay, etc.)
Strong's KJV usage: fall upon, flay, invade, make an invasion, pull off, put off, make a road, run upon, rush, set, spoil, spread selves (abroad), strip (off, self).
Strong's first: Judges 9:44Strong's last: Judges 9:44
Open full H6584 profile →râʼâh · raw-aw'
to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
Strong's KJV usage: advise self, appear, approve, behold, × certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have experience, gaze, take heed, × indeed, × joyfully, lo, look (on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up, upon), mark, meet, × be near, perceive, present, provide, regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one another), shew (self), × sight of others, (e-) spy, stare, × surely, × think, view, visions.
Strong's first: Daniel 1:13Strong's last: Daniel 1:13
Open full H7200 profile →râkab · raw-kab'
to ride (on an animal or in a vehicle); causatively, to place upon (for riding or generally), to despatch
Strong's KJV usage: bring (on (horse-) back), carry, get (oneself) up, on (horse-) back, put, (cause to, make to) ride (in a chariot, on, -r), set.
Strong's first: Nehemiah 2:12Strong's last: Nehemiah 2:12
Open full H7392 profile →Strong's data is a concordance/lexical reference layer. Scripture context controls interpretation. Lexical source data is shown separately from future TWBC editorial teaching.
94 occurrences match the current filters. Each row keeps its exact KJV token position so Original Word and TSK remain occurrence-specific.
But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of testimony.
And upon the table of shewbread they shall spread a cloth of blue, and put thereon the dishes, and the spoons, and the bowls, and covers to cover withal: and the continual bread shall be thereon:
And they shall spread upon them a cloth of scarlet, and cover the same with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put in the staves thereof.
And they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar.
And upon the golden altar they shall spread a cloth of blue, and cover it with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put to the staves thereof:
And they shall put upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it, even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it.
And they shall put upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it, even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it.
And they shall bear the curtains of the tabernacle, and the tabernacle of the congregation, his covering, and the covering of the badgers' skins that is above upon it, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,
And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled:
And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled:
Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance.
Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the offering before the LORD, and offer it upon the altar:
And the priest shall take an handful of the offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water.
Or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law.
Or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law.
All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no rasor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow.
He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head.
And the priest shall take the sodden shoulder of the ram, and one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them upon the hands of the Nazarite, after the hair of his separation is shaven:
The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee:
The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.
And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel; and I will bless them.
But unto the sons of Kohath he gave none: because the service of the sanctuary belonging unto them was that they should bear upon their shoulders.
And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him.
And thus shalt thou do unto them, to cleanse them: Sprinkle water of purifying upon them, and let them shave all their flesh, and let them wash their clothes, and so make themselves clean.
And thou shalt bring the Levites before the LORD: and the children of Israel shall put their hands upon the Levites:
Dictionary data is kept visibly separate from Scripture and from lexical Strong's data.
UPON', preposition
1. Resting or being on the top or surface; as being upon a hill, or upon a rock; upon a field; upon a table; upon a river; upon the altar; upon the roof. He has his coat upon his back; his hat is upon his head.
2. In a state of resting or dependence; as upon this condition; he will contract with you upon these terms. upon our repentance we hope to be forgiven.
3. Denoting resting, as a burden. Impose upon yourself this task.
4. In the direction or part of; as upon the right hand.
5. Relating to. They are now engaged upon the affairs of the bank.
6. In consideration of; as upon the whole matter.
7. Near to; as a village upon the Thames.
8. With, or having received. He came upon an hour's warning.
9. On the occasion of; engaged in for the execution of. He sent the officer upon a bold enterprise.
10. In; during the time of; as upon the seventh day; upon the first of January.
11. Noting security; as, to borrow money upon lands, or upon mortgage.
12. Noting approach or attack.
The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. Judges 16:3.
13. Noting exposure or incurring some danger or loss. You do this upon pain of death, or upon the penalties of the law.
14. At the time of; on occasion of. What was their conduct upon this event?
15. By inference from, or pursuing a certain supposition. upon his principles, we can have no stable government.
16. Engaged in. What is he upon?
17. Having a particular manner. The horse is now upon a hard trot.
18. Resting or standing, as on a condition. He is put upon his good behavior.
19. Noting means of subsistence or support. Cattle live upon grass.
20. Noting dependence for subsistence; as, paupers come upon the parish or town.
To take upon to assume.
To assume upon in law, to promise; to undertake.
Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). A conservative base-form lookup may be used when the exact inflected KJV form is not a Webster headword.
Curated TWBC teaching will remain a separate editorial layer. Raw source data is never silently rewritten to force a doctrinal conclusion.